File: 7 October 2026 · Source date: 7 October 2026 · NASA GISS
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NASA GISS ModelE is a climate model that represents atmosphere, ocean and land processes with physical equations. Researchers compare the model with past observations and conduct multiple studies under different initial conditions and external influences.
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Climate simulation investigates the distribution of possible outcomes under certain assumptions. A single run is not expected to fully replicate detailed weather patterns from decades in advance. Assessing long-term trends and predicting the mood of a particular day are different problems.
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Uncertainty is not synonymous with ignorance. Measurement limits, natural variability, and future human activities are separate sources of uncertainty. A strong report shows this range and the assumptions used, as well as the central conclusion.
discussion question
Would it give you more or less confidence if a model gives you a range of possibilities for the future rather than a single number? Write down which verification criterion you will use in your decision.
Resources and further reading
NASA GISS — ModelE ↗Share your answer
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Established science, active research, and philosophical speculation are clearly separated.